Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 10 30 77 77 Akram Heidari Seyyed-Hassan Adeli Sadegh-Ali Taziki Valliollahe Akbari Mohammad-Reza Ghadir Seyyed-Majid Moosavi-Movahhed Roghayyeh Ahangari Parvaneh Sadeghi-Moghaddam Mohammad-Rahim Mirzaee Vahid Damanpak-Moghaddam 2015 10 04 Lecture is the most common teaching method used in ethics education, while problem-based learning (PBL) and small group discussion (SGD) have been introduced as more useful methods. This study compared these methods in teaching medical ethics. Twenty students (12 female and 8 male) were randomly assigned into two groups. The PBL method was used in one group, and the other group was taught using the SGD method. Twenty-five open-ended questions were used for assessment and at the end of the course, a course evaluation sheet was used to obtain the students' views about the advantages and disadvantages of each teaching method, their level of satisfaction with the course, their interest in attending the sessions, and their opinions regarding the effect of teaching ethics on students' behaviors. The mean score in the PBL group (16.04 ± 1.84) was higher than the SGD group (15.48 ± 2.01). The satisfaction rates in the two groups were 3.00 ± 0.47 and 2.78 ± 0.83 respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Since the mean score and satisfaction rate in the PBL group were higher than the SGD group, the PBL method is recommended for ethics education whenever possible. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/77 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/77/62

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 10 30 78 78 Rakhi Ghoshal Neha Madhiwalla Amar Jesani Padmaja Samant Vijaya Badhwar Sweta Surve 2015 10 04 Understanding the complexities of a provider-patient relationship is considered to be of critical importance especially in medical ethics. It is important to understand this relation from the perspectives of all stakeholders. This article derives from a qualitative study conducted across six obstetric care providing institutions in the cities of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, India, over a period of 10 months. Thirty obstetricians were interviewed in-depth to understand what they perceived as the most important aspect in developing a good provider-patient relationship. The study found that while most providers highlighted the point of communication as the most critical part of the provider-patient relationship, they admitted that they could not engage in communication with the patients for various reasons. Obstetric consultants and residents said that they were too overburdened to spend time communicating with patients; providers working in public hospitals added that the lack of education of their patients posed a hindrance in effective communication. However, providers practicing in private institutions explained that they faced a challenge in communicating with patients because their patients came from educated families who tended to trust the provider less and were generally more critical of the provider's clinical judgement. The article shows how provider-patient communication exists as an idea among medical providers but is absent in daily clinical practice. This gives rise to a discourse shaped around an absence. The authors conclude by decoding the term ‘communication' - they read the word against the context of its use in the interviews, and argue that for the providers ‘communication' was not intended to be a trope towards setting up a dialogue-based, egalitarian provider-patient relationship. Providers used the word in lieu of ‘counselling', ‘guiding', ‘talking to'. It concludes that, despite the providers' insisting on the significance of communication and complaining about its absence, what they desired in reality was not the possibility of a dialogue with the patient or a chance to be able to share decision-making power with the patient, but to be able to provide better instructions and chart out what was best for them in a more detailed way. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/78 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/78/63

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 10 30 79 79 Leila Dehghan Hamid Dalvand Hojjat Allah Haghgoo Seyed Ali Hosseini Masoud Karimlou 2015 10 04 Addressing patients' rights issues brings occupational therapists ethical and political responsibilities that involve patients' privileges and new facilitating factors which influence their needs. The goal of this study was to determine the level of occupational therapists' knowledge about patients' rights. The present research was a cross-sectional study which involved 125 occupational therapists chosen by a conven-ience sampling strategy in Tehran during the year of 2012. A four-part questionnaire was used for data collection, and the degree of the subjects' self-assessment of their knowledge was measured based on the obtained numbers of correct answers in the third part. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were assessed prior to its being distributed among participants. The results demonstrated no significant association between the level of occupational therapists' knowledge about patients' rights and their existing experiences within their areas of occupational therapy (P>0.05). Based on the result, 53.6% of the respondents had high level of knowledge about patients' rights. Facilitating factors which influence the attainment of patients' rights were classified into three groups: organizations, therapists and clients. The results of the present research demonstrated that the level of occupational therapists' knowledge about patients' rights were high. Furthermore, this study showed that for optimal result, there is a need to provide milieu for observing the patients' rights in clinical occupational therapy services. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/79 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/79/64

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 10 30 80 80 Shaila Tahir Adeela Rafique Farkhanda Ghafoor Akif Saleem Amanullah Khan 2015 10 04 Interaction of pharmaceutical companies (PC) with healthcare services has been a reason for concern. In medicine, awareness of the ethical implications of these interactions have been emphasized upon, while this issue has not been highlighted in dentistry. This study undertook a cross-sectional rapid assessment procedure to gather views of dentists in various institutions towards unethical practices in health care and pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of this study was to assess the need for the formulation and implementation of guidelines for the interaction of dentists with the pharmaceutical and device industry in the best interest of patients. A group of 209 dentists of Lahore including faculty members, demonstrators, private practitioners and fresh graduates responded to a questionnaire to assess their attitudes and practices towards pharmaceutical companies' marketing gifts. The study was conducted during 2011 and provided interesting data that showed the pharmaceutical industry is approaching private practitioners more frequently than academicians and fresh graduates. Private practioners accepted the gifts but mostly recognized them as unethical (over 65%). Both groups considered sponsoring of on-campus lectures as acceptable (over 70%). Respondents are not fully aware of the ethical demands which are imperative for all health care industries, and there is a dire need of strict guidelines and code of ethics for the dentist's interaction with the pharmaceutical and device industry so that patient interest is protected. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/80 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/80/65

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 10 30 81 81 Zahra Molazem Nahid Tavakol Farkhondeh Sharif Sareh Keshavarzi Soraya Ghadakpour 2015 10 04 Complexity of health care has caused ethical dilemmas and moral distress to be quite unavoidable for nurses. Moral distress is a major, highly prevalent problem in the nursing profession. The study aims to investigate the effect of education based on the "4A model" on the rate of moral distress among the nurses working in Cardiac Care Units (CCU). The participants consisted of 60 nurses working in Cardiac Care Units (CCU), 30 in the control and 30 in the intervention group. Those in the intervention group took part in the educational workshop about "moral distress" and "4A model". The moral distress questionnaire was completed by both study groups 1 and 2 months after the intervention. After the intervention, the results of repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in the moral distress mean scores between the intervention and the control groups (P<0.001) and within the two groups (P<0.001). Moreover, a significant difference was found between the two study groups regarding the mean score of moral distress 1 and 2 months after the intervention. The findings of the current study revealed a decreasing trend in the moral distress mean score in the intervention group, while there was an increasing trend in the control group after the intervention. It can be concluded that the "4A model" can be used for reducing moral distress and educational interventions can reduce the rate of moral distress among nurses. Authors of this study recommend that more studies with larger sample sizes be conducted in different hospital wards as well. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/81 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/81/66

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 10 30 82 82 Pooneh Salari Farzaneh Zahedi Kiarash Aramesh Bagher Larijani 2015 10 04 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/82 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/82/67

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 10 30 83 83 Fariba Asghari Aniseh Samadi Arash Rashidian 2015 10 04 Education needs assessment is one of the essential components of curriculum development. In this study, we aimed to assess the educational needs of general physicians for medical ethics. We conducted a three-stage Delphi study of general physicians' views on important ethical issues in their practice. In the item generation stage we retrieved 45 important educational items from a survey of general physicians, patients, well known ethical clinicians, and a review of other universities' curricula and international literature. The questionnaire was designed to ask the importance of each generated item. We then sent the questionnaire to general physicians. Items scored as highly important by more than 80% of the respondents in the first or second consensus development surveys were considered as educational priorities. Four academic medical ethics teachers reviewed and commented on the findings. The response rate to the first consensus development survey was 38%, of whom 77% also responded to the second survey. We developed consensus on 24 medical ethics items for inclusion in medical ethics curriculum. All items were also considered important by medical ethics teachers, and they added four further items to the list. Despite the attention given to ethical issues originating from technological advances, the most important educational needs of general physicians in medical ethics are still the traditional issues concerning the doctor-patient relationship and professionalism. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/83 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/83/68

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 09 08 991 991 Fariba Asghari Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyedeh Mojgan Ghalandarpoorattar Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 03 08 This study was conducted to examine adherence to ethical principles during research and the necessity to conduct systematic and continuing review of ongoing research in Iran. All clinical trials approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) ongoing in 2007 (n = 21) were reviewed through receiving principal investigators’ (PIs) reports, as well as reviewing patient consent forms. Two questionnaires were sent to PIs, one to collect information about the study and the other to evaluate PIs’ perception and awareness about ethical codes of clinical trials. A representative of the TUMS research ethics committee was sent to the research site to fill a checklist by reviewing the obtained informed consent and fill the other checklist by interviewing a sample of participants regarding their perception of their volunteer participation in the clinical trial and receiving adequate information. Only in 66.7% of the surveyed trials the objectives of the trial had been explained in the informed consent, and in 38.6% of the trials it was mentioned in informed consent that participation is voluntary. Among participants, 34.7% (n = 26) were not aware they were enrolled in a research project, 29.3% (n = 22) had not understood the information they had received, 74.7% (n = 56) did not know they could refuse to participate and still receive care from their physician, and 58.7% did not realize they were free to drop out of the study at any time. The results point to the need for continuing review of clinical research, especially clinical trials, and the necessity for thorough assessment of patient consent forms during the process of approval in terms of their contents and their understandability. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/991 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/991/363

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 02 11 992 992 Kazem Khodadoust PhD, Philosophy and History of Medicine Research Center and Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammadreza Ardalan Professor, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Reza Pourabbas Professor, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Majid Abdolrahimi Researcher, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2021 03 08 Persian physicians had a great role in assimilation and expansion of medical sciences during the medieval period and Islamic golden age. In fact the dominant medical figures of that period were of Persian origin such as Avicenna and Razes, but their works have been written in Arabic that was the lingua franca of the period. Undoubtedly the most substantial medical book of that period that has been written in Persian belongs to Abubakr Rabi ibn Ahmad al-Akhawayni al-Bokhari and his book, Hidayat al-Mutallimin fi-al-Tibb (Learner’s Guide to Medicine).There are two chapters related to oral and dental diseases in the Hidayat, a chapter on dental pain and a chapter on bouccal pain. Akhawayni's views on dental diseases and treatments are mainly based on anatomical principles and less influenced by humeral theory and no mention about the charms, magic and amulets. False idea of dental worm cannot be seen among his writings. Cutting of the dental nerve for relieving the pain, using the anesthetizing fume, using the natural antiseptic and keeping the tooth extraction as the last recourse deserves high praise. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/992 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/992/364

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 11 03 993 993 James Andrew Smith Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada 2021 03 08 A number of recent articles attribute the origin of the use of cervical balloon dilation in the induction of labor to either Barnes in the 1860s or Embrey and Mollison in the 1960s. This review examines the historical record and reveals that, based on current practice attribution should rather be made to two contemporaries of Barnes: the Storer and Mattei. More importantly, Storer’s warning about the rubber used in dilators was ignored, leading to decades of possibly unnecessary deaths following childbirth. To conduct this study key search terms for PubMed, Google Scholar and the website of the University of Ryerson were utilized as “Barnes”, “Woodman”, “balloon dilation”, “balloon catheter”, “foley”, “colpeurynter”, “cervix uteri” and “induction.” Subsequent analysis was done on downloaded articles using BibDesk. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/993 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/993/365

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 12 24 994 994 Seyyedeh Roghayeh Ehsani Department of Nursing, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Cheraghi Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Nejati Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Salari PhD Student in Disaster & Emergency Health, Department of Disaster Public Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ayeshe Haji Esmaeilpoor Department of Medical Surgery, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Medical Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Esmaeil Mohammad Nejad PhD candidate in Nursing, International Branch, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 03 08 Patient safety is one of the main concepts in the field of healthcare provision and a major component of health services quality. One of the important stages in promotion of the safety level of patients is identification of medication errors and their causes. Medical errors such as medication errors are the most prevalent errors that threaten health and are a global problem. Execution of medication orders is an important part of the treatment and care process and is regarded as the main part of the nurses’ performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the medication error reporting rate, error types and their causes among nurses in the emergency department. In this descriptive study, 94 nurses of the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex were selected based on census in 2010-2011. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts: demographic information, and types and causes of medication errors. After confirming content-face validity, reliability of the questionnaire was determined to be 0.91 using Cronbach's alpha test. Data analyses were performed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. SPSS-16 software was used in this study and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The mean age of the nurses was 27.7 ± 3.4 years, and their working experience was 7.3 ± 3.4 years. Of participants 46.8% had committed medication errors in the past year, and the majority (69.04%) had committed the errors only once. Thirty two nurses (72.7%) had not reported medication errors to head nurses or the nursing office. The most prevalent types of medication errors were related to infusion rates (33.3%) and administering two doses of medicine instead of one (23.8%). The most important causes of medication errors were shortage of nurses (47.6%) and lack of sufficient pharmacological information (30.9%). This study showed that the risk of medication errors among nurses is high and medication errors are a major problem of nursing in the emergency department. We recommend increasing the number of nurses, adjusting the workload of the nursing staff in the emergency department, retraining courses to improve the staff’s pharmacological information, modification of the education process, encouraging nurses to report medical errors and encouraging hospital managers to respond to errors in a constructive manner in order to enhance patient safety. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/994 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/994/366

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 6 0 2013 12 18 995 995 Marjan Mardani Hamooleh PhD Candidate in Nursing Education, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Leili Borimnejad Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Naimeh Seyedfatemi Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mamak Tahmasebi Assistant Professor, Cancer Institute Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 03 08 Palliative care is still a topic under discussion in the Iranian healthcare system, and cancer patients require palliative care. Moreover, nursing ethics has an important role in caring for these patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of Iranian nurses regarding ethics-based palliative care in cancer patients. This study was done with a qualitative approach and by using content analysis. In this study, 14 nurses were selected through purposive sampling, and a face-to-face semi structured interview was conducted with each of them. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed and reviewed, and categories were extracted. At first, similarities in meaning were reviewed and based on centralization arranged in sub-categories. Then, relevant sub-categories were arranged in a category after a second review. In general, original categories in the ethics-based palliative care in cancer patients encompass the following: “human dignity”, “professional truthfulness” and “altruism”. Human dignity has 3 sub-categories consisting of ‘respecting patients’, ‘paying attention to patient values’ and ‘empathizing’. Professional truthfulness has 2 sub-categories consisting of ‘truthful speech’ and ‘truthful action’. Lastly, altruism has 3 sub-categories consisting of ‘complete and multi-dimensional patient acceptance’, ‘supportive behavior’ and ‘responsibility’. Content analysis of ethics-based palliative care in cancer patients revealed the required conditions for this type of care based on the perception of nurses. The results of this study suggest that in nurses’ point of view, human dignity, professional truthfulness and altruism all have important roles in ethics-based palliative care in cancer. The findings of this study will give nurses a greater knowledge about ethics-based palliative care in cancer patients, leading to a better understanding of the ethical needs of these patients, and may ultimately help improve the nursing practice. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/995 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/995/367