Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 06 12 1298 1298 Nematullah Shomoossi Associate Professor, Department of English, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Mostafa Rad Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran 2023 01 20 2023 06 12 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1298 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1298/431

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 06 13 1282 1282 EN Shiva Khaleghparast Associate Professor, Cardiovascular Nursing Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. MSc Student in Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Majid Maleki Professor, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maziyar Gholampour Dehaki Professor, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Setareh Homami Assistant Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Damghan School of Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. MSc Student in Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Afsaneh Sadooghiasl Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. MSc Student in Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeideh Mazloomzadeh Professor, Cardiovascular Nursing Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki Associate Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2022 12 04 2023 06 13 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1282 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1282/411

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 06 19 1254 1254 Ladannaz Zahedi PhD Candidate in Medical Ethics, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty Member of Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bagher Larijani Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohsen Javadi Professor, Ethics Department, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. Shahin Aawani Associate Professor, Iranian Research Institute of Philosophy (IRIP), Tehran, Iran. Seyed Abdosaleh Jafari Associate Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kobra Joodaki PhD in Medical Ethics, Member of National Association of Iranian Obstetricians and Gynecologists (NAIGO), Tehran, Iran. Roya Rashidpouraie PhD in Medical Ethics, Head of Medical Error Committee, Shahriar Medical Council, Tehran, Iran. Saeedeh Saeedi Tehrani Assistant Professor, Ethics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 08 10 2023 06 19 The concept of common morality is fundamental in medical ethics, and lack of universal content and characteristics of common morality is a product of its multifaceted nature. This study aimed to identify the ideas and experiences of academic faculties regarding common morality in a pluralistic setting to promote conceptual knowledge and strengthen moral reasoning and ethical decision-making.The study was conducted using a qualitative method, employing semi-structured in-depth interviews with thirteen faculty members who were selected purposively. In order to assess their ideas and experiences, the transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using the content analysis method through directed and conventional approaches. The interviews were coded manually.Two themes were reflected in the interviews: ontology and epistemology of common morality.The study indicates that the debate about the subjective or objective dependence of common morality questions the coherence of Beauchamp and Childress' common morality (CM) theory, as common morality is the result of various individual and social factorthat influence moral thinking and decision-making in pluralistic environments. Additional studies are needed in order to investigate the effect of cultural, social, theoretical, ideological and individual factors on promoting clinical ethical reasoning and decision-making skills. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1254 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1254/412

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 07 29 1305 1305 Hanieh Sadat Ejtahed Assistant Professor, Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mojtaba Parsa Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bagher Larijani Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2023 02 06 2023 07 29 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1305 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1305/414

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 07 18 1280 1280 Vahid Moazzen Visiting Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Law Faculty, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki Associate Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;Associate Professor, Medical Ethics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Lecturer, Monash Bioethics Center, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. 2022 12 01 2023 07 18 The concept of individual freedom has complex and multifaceted dimensions that significantly affect the limits of permissible government interventions aimed at restricting such freedoms and maintaining public health. Therefore, the boundary between individual freedom and the social obligations of the government must be carefully clarified.  During the Covid-19 pandemic, the need for such clarifications clearly increased. This study intended to investigate the concept of freedom according to major theories and to observe their application in analyzing the relations between individuals and the government in the health system, particularly during public health emergencies.The findings revealed that “justice-based”, “development-based” and “accountability-based” conceptions of freedom provide a more appropriate rationale for implementation of public health restrictive measures by health authorities during infectious disease outbreaks including pandemics such as COVID-19. Even in minimal governments that are built upon a free-market system and unrestricted conception of individuals’ freedom, such public health interventions are justifiable in the light of the ‘Catastrophic Moral Horror’ where there is an extreme risk to the health of citizens. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1280 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1280/413

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 08 19 1306 1306 Mojgan Asadi Associate Professor, Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farzaneh Zahedi Researcher, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahbube Ebrahimpur Associate Professor, Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bagher Larijani TUMS 2023 02 06 2023 08 05 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1306 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1306/415

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 12 02 1313 1313 Maryam Mirahmad Researcher, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi Associate Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fariba Asghari Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bagher Larijani Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2023 02 25 2023 12 02 Osteoporosis has a significant economy, society, and health burden. The recent advancement of available therapies caused ethical questions regarding the use of placebo-controlled studies in osteoporosis. Some specialists believe it is not ethically to subject the study participants to any additional risk when there is already verified effective therapy for the disease and established therapies can significantly decrease the likelihood of osteoporotic fracture.  Accordingly, researchers have expressed ethical concerns over placebo-controlled trials. Here, we have briefly addressed ethical and methodological aspects regarding conducting placebo-control trials as well as potential alternatives. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1313 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1313/423

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 12 02 1349 1349 Cornelius Ewuoso Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 2023 07 19 2023 12 02 This article draws on the underexplored or novel accounts of inclusion and the moral accounts of decolonization in African health decolonial literature to increase our understanding of how ethics dumping manifests in health research partnerships, and what more ought to be done to eliminate this phenomenon. African decolonial health literature proposes “inclusion that matters” – conceptualized as substantial, respectful and deep engagement with African agency – as a solution to end domination or mitigate the “appearance” of inclusion. Based on this supposition, the harm of ethics dumping – and I demonstrate how – is that it fails to engage the agency of Africans, and listen to or echo their voices in health and health research collaborations on the continent, or research collaborations that have significant implications for them. This account of inclusion can usefully increase our thinking about ethics dumping, which is ultimately and in several ways a failure to practice responsible science. Research is required to increase our understanding of what could reasonably constitute responsible science from a variety of perspectives. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1349 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1349/430

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 12 02 1321 1321 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/142 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/142/113

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 07 16 126 126 EN Roghayeh Mehdipour-Rabori Assistant Professor, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Razi School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Abbas Abbaszadeh Professor, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Fariba Borhani Associate Professor, Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 2016 07 05 The human dignity of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important issue, because of patients’ dependence upon caregivers, and because it impacts all aspects of their quality of life (QOL). Therefore, understanding and improving the status of dignity among these patients is of great importance. This study aimed to determine the status of dignity in patients with CVD admitted to cardiac intensive care units (CICUs) in Iran. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 2015 on 200 patients admitted to the CICUs of hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The participants were selected using random sampling method. Patients’ understanding of dignity was assessed through the reliable and valid Persian version of the Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI). Patients who were able to read and write or speak Persian and were conscious were included in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA in SPSS software. The mean age of the study participants was 59.0 ± 17.0. The mean score of human dignity was 3.60 ± 1.39. The mean scores of the factors of loss of independence, emotional distress and uncertainty, changes in ability and mental image, and the loss of human dignity were 3.94 ± 1.06, 3.63 ± 1.37, 3.57 ± 1.20, and 3.30 ± 2.08, respectively. A significant statistical correlation was observed between human dignity and the demographic characteristics of gender and frequency of hospitalizations in a CICU and a significant difference between those who lived alone and those who lived with family was observed (P < 0.05). Patients hospitalized in CICUs experience numerous problems associated with human dignity in each of its four dimensions. It is recommended that a study be conducted to investigate the relationship between the human dignity of patients with CVD and their QOL, anxiety, and depression. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/126 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/126/121

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 12 19 194 194 EN Fatemeh Hajibabaee PhD Candidate in Nursing, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Soodabeh Joolaee Associate Professor Center for Nursing Care Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, AND Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahammad Ali Cheraghi Associate Professor School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Pooneh Salari Associate Professor Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Patricia Rodney Associate Professor 2016 07 03 2016 11 26 Hospital ethics committees (HECs) help clinicians deal with the ethical challenges which have been raised during clinical practice. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to provide a historical background of the development of HECs internationally and describe their functions and practical challenges of their day to day work. This is the first part of a comprehensive literature review conducted between February 2014 and August 2016 by searching through scientific databases. The keyword ethics committee, combined with hospital, clinic, and institution, was used without a time limitation. All original and discussion articles, as well as other scientific documents were included. Of all the articles and theses found using these keywords, only 56 were consistent with the objectives of the study. Based on the review goals, the findings were divided into three main categories; the inception of HECs in the world, the function of HECs, and the challenges of HECs. According to the results, the Americas Region and European Region countries have been the most prominent considering the establishment of HECs. However, the majority of the Eastern Mediterranean Region and South-East Asia Region countries are only beginning to establish these committees in their hospitals. The results highlight the status and functions of HECs in different countries and may be used as a guide by health policymakers and managers who are at the inception of establishing these committees in their hospitals.   https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/194 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/194/139

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 08 28 135 135 EN Mohammad Ali Cheraghi Associate Professor Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Bahramnezhad PhD Candidate in Nursing Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Neda Mehrdad Associate Professor Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 11 03 2016 07 24 One of the major advances in medicine has been the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedure since the 1960s in order to save human lives. This procedure has so far saved thousands of lives. Although CPR has helped to save lives, in some cases, it prolongs the process of dying, suffering, and pain in patients. This study was conducted to explain the experience of Iranian physicians regarding do not resuscitate order (DNR). This study was a directed qualitative content analysis which analyzed the perspective of 8 physicians on different aspects of DNR guidelines. Semi-structured, in-depth interview was used to collect data (35 to 60 minutes). First, literature review of 6 main categories, including clinical, patient and family, moral, legal, religious, and economic aspects, was carried out through content analysis. At the end of each session, interviews were transcribed verbatim. Then, the text was broken into the smallest meaningful unit (code) and the codes were classified into main categories. The codes were classified into 6 main categories, which were extracted from the literature. In the clinical domain 4 codes, in patient and family 3 codes, in moral domain 4 codes, in religious domain 3 codes, and in economic domain 1 code were extracted. According to the findings of this study, it can be said that Iranian physicians approve the DNR order as it provides dying patients with a dignified death. However, they do not issue DNR order due to the lack of legal and religious support. Nevertheless, if legislators and the Iranian jurisprudence pass a bill in this regard, physicians with the help of clinical guidelines can issue DNR order for dying patients who require it. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/135 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/135/122

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 08 28 188 188 EN Hamidreza Namazi PhD Candidate in Medical Ethics Kiarash Aramesh Associate Professor Bagher Larijani Professor Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, and Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 05 28 2016 07 02 The nature of the doctor-patient relationship as a keystone of care necessitates philosophical, psychological and sociological considerations. The present study investigates concepts related to these three critical views considered especially important. From the philosophical viewpoint, the three concepts of "the demands of ethics “,” ethical phenomenology and "the philosophy of the relationship" are of particular importance. From a psychological point of view, the five concepts of "communication behavior patterns" (including submissiveness, dominance, aggression, and assertiveness), "psychic distance", "emotional quotient", "conflict between pain relief and truth-telling", and "body language" have received specific emphasis. Lastly, from the sociological perspective, the three notions of "instrumental action", "communicative action", and "reaching agreement in the light of communicative action" are the most significant concepts to reconsider in the doctor-patient relationship. It should be added, however, that from the sociological point of view, the doctor-patient relationship goes beyond a two-person interaction, as the moral principles of doctors and patients depend on medical and patient ethics respectively. The theoretical foundations of the doctor-patient relationship will finally help establish the different dimensions of medical interactions. This can contribute to the development of principles and multidisciplinary bases for establishing practical ethical codes and will eventually result in a more effective doctor-patient relationship. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/188 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/188/123

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 11 05 131 131 EN Elahe Khorasani PhD Candidate Mahmoud Keyvanara Associate Professor Department of Healthcare Management, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Manal Etemadi PhD Candidate Somaye Asadi BSc Mahan Mohammadi MSc Maryam Barati MSc 2015 10 28 2016 10 15 Moral hazards are the result of an expansive range of factors mostly originating in the patients’ roles. The objective of the present study was to investigate patient incentives for moral hazards using the experiences of experts of basic Iranian insurance organizations. This was a qualitative research. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The study population included all experts of basic healthcare insurance agencies in the City of Isfahan, Iran, who were familiar with the topic of moral hazards. A total of 18 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed and some criteria such as data reliability and stability were considered. The anonymity of the interviewees was preserved. The data were transcribed, categorized, and then, analyzed through thematic analysis method. Through thematic analysis, 2 main themes and 11 subthemes were extracted. The main themes included economic causes and moral-cultural causes affecting the phenomenon of moral hazards resulted from patients’ roles. Each of these themes has some sub-themes. False expectations from insurance companies are rooted in the moral and cultural values of individuals. People with the insurance coverage make no sense if using another person insurance identification or requesting physicians for prescribing the medicines. These expectations will lead them to moral hazards. Individuals with any insurance coverage should consider the rights of insurance agencies as third party payers and supportive organizations which disburden them from economical loads in the time of sickness. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/131 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/131/125

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 11 05 176 176 EN Afsaneh Raiesifar PhD Candidate in Nursing Mohammadreza Firouzkouhi Assistant Professor Marjaneh Fooladi Professor Soroor Parvizy Professor Department of Paediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, and Center for Educational Research in Medical Sciences (CERMS), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 03 08 2016 10 16 Significant sociopolitical changes in recent decades have not only influenced the nursing profession, but also the entire Iranian healthcare system. This study describes the historical evolution of the nursing profession within a sociopolitical context. This historical review of unpublished and published literature endorsed personal accounts of historic events by 14 of the oldest nurses in Iran chosen through purposive sampling method, as they shared their nursing experiences. Individual recollections were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and later analyzed through oral history analysis method. From the results, the 3 categories of the White Revolution, the Islamic Revolution, and Iran-Iraq war and 8 subcategories emerged, where participants identified factors that fundamentally changed the Iranian nursing profession. The nursing profession continues to develop and help revise policies to improve the healthcare system and quality of care. The findings of this study facilitate the better understanding of the influence of sociopolitical events on the nursing profession and guide the revision or development of new healthcare policies. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/176 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/176/126

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 11 08 177 177 EN Mohammadreza Razzaghi Assistant Professor Department of Medical Ethics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Leila Afshar Professor Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2016 03 12 2016 10 24 In any clinical encounter, an effective physician-patient relationship is necessary for achieving the desired outcome. This outcome is successful treatment, and therefore, the relationship should be a healing one. In addition, in the Islamic view, the physician is a manifestation of God’s healing attribute, which is usually undermined in everyday therapeutic communications. Yet there are few empirical data about this experience and how it occurs in the clinical context. This study was conducted to develop a model of physician-patient relationship, with the healing process at its core. Our goal was to explain the nature and characteristics of this encounter. In Islamic teachings, healing is defined as “cure” when possible and if not, reducing pain and suffering and ultimately finding a meaning in the illness experience. This study was a qualitative inquiry. Data were collected through 17 open-ended, semi-structured interviews with physicians who had an effective relationship with their patients. The participants’ experiences and their perception regarding the relationship were subjected to grounded theory content analysis. For establishing the trustworthiness of the data collection and analysis we used triangulation, peer review, and member checking.  The findings showed that the components of the patient-physician healing relationship could be categorized in the four key processes of valuing the patient as a person, effective management of power imbalance, commitment, and the physician’s competence and character. This leads to forming the three necessary relational elements of trust, peace and hope, and being acknowledged. Their importance has been better demonstrated in a relationship which incorporates the spiritual aspects of patient care and also physician’s satisfaction. The physician-patient relationship has a central role in patient outcome. This relationship has an understandable structure and its components may have an effective impact on promoting the patient’s experience of the health system. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/177 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/177/128

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 12 25 227 227 EN Kiarash Aramesh Associate Professor 2016 10 20 2016 12 23 In his seminal book on the historical periods of Western attitudes toward death, Philippe Aries describes four consecutive periods through which these attitudes evolved and transformed. According to him, the historical attitudes of Western cultures have passed through four major parts described above: “Tamed Death,” One’s Own Death,” “Thy Death,” and “Forbidden Death.” This paper, after exploring this concept through the lens of Persian Poetic Wisdom, concludes that he historical attitudes of Persian-speaking people toward death have generally passed through two major periods. The first period is an amalgamation of Aries’ “Tamed Death” and “One’s Own Death” periods, and the second period is an amalgamation of Aries’ “Thy Death” and “Forbidden Death” periods. This paper explores the main differences and similarities of these two historical trends through a comparative review of the consecutive historical periods of attitudes toward death between the Western and Persian civilizations/cultures. Although both civilizations moved through broadly similar stages, some influential contextual factors have been very influential in shaping noteworthy differences between them. The concepts of after-death judgment and redemption/downfall dichotomy and practices like deathbed rituals and their evolution after enlightenment and modernity are almost common between the above two broad traditions. The chronology of events and some aspects of conceptual evolutions (such as the lack of the account of permanent death of nonbelievers in the Persian tradition) and ritualistic practices (such as the status of the tombs of Shiite Imams and the absolute lack of embalming and wake in the Persian/Shiite culture) are among the differences. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/227 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/227/148

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 12 26 220 220 EN Fariba Borhani Associate Professor Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Abbaszadeh Professor Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad Hoseinabadi-Farahani PhD Student Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2016 09 25 2016 12 26 As future providers of health services, nursing students should learn about ethical concepts over the course of their education. These concepts are currently taught in nursing schools, yet the degree of moral sensitivity in nursing students before entering clinical settings is a topic of controversy. This was a cross-sectional study on the nursing students studying for a bachelor’s degree in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences selected through census sampling (n = 205). Data were collected by Lutzen's Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and analyzed through statistical tests using SPSS 16. The level of significance was P < 0.05. In order to conduct the study, permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.The mean of moral sensitivity was found to be 66.1 + 8.1, which is a moderate level. Of all the dimensions of moral sensitivity, "expressing benevolence" had the highest (16.9 ± 4.04) and "structuring moral sense" had the lowest (5.2 ± 1.45) mean scores. Among demographic variables, age was found to have a significant positive correlation with the score of moral sensitivity (r = 0.2, P = 0.01).Nursing students are relatively familiar with the ethical concepts of patient care, but that does not seem to be sufficed, as moral sensitivity is an extremely crucial factor in care. It is therefore recommended that the necessary training be provided to develop moral sensitivity in nursing students both in educational and practical environments. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/220 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/220/149

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 12 31 132 132 EN Mohsen Adaryani Medical Ethics PhD Candidate, Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Javadi Professor, Qom University, Qom, Iran Saeid Tavakkoli Associate Professor, Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrzad Kiani Associate Professor, Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmood Abbasi Associate Professor, Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 11 03 2015 11 29 A major debate in medical ethics is the request for futile treatment. The topic of medical futility requires discrete assessment in Iran for at least two reasons. First, the common principles and foundations of medical ethics have taken shape in the context of Western culture and secularism. Accordingly, the implementation of the same guidelines and codes of medical ethics as Western societies in Muslim communities does not seem rational. Second, the challenges arising in health service settings are divergent across different countries. The Quranic concept of idle (laghw) and its derivatives are used in 11 honorable verses of the Holy Quran. Among these verses, the 3rd verse of the blessed Al-Muminūn Surah was selected for its closer connection to the concept under examination. The selected verse was researched in the context of all dictionaries presented in Noor Jami` al-Tafasir 2 (The Noor Collection of Interpretations 2) software. "Idle" is known as any insignificant speech, act, or thing that is not beneficial; an action from which no benefit is gained; any falsehood (that is not stable or realized); an entertaining act; any foul, futile talk and action unworthy of attention; loss of hope; and something that is not derived from method and thought. The word has also been used to refer to anything insignificant. The notes and derived interpretations were placed in the following categories: A) Having no significant benefit (When medical care does not benefit the patient (his body and/or soul and his life in this world and/or the Hereafter), it is wrong to proceed with that medical modality; B) Falsehood (Actions that fail to provide, maintain, and improve health are clearly futile); C) Unworthy of attention (An action that neither improves health nor threatens it is wrong and impermissible). https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/132 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/132/112

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 9 1 2016 12 31 183 183 EN Maani Beigy MD-MPH Student, Medical Ethics Association Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ghasem Pishgahi Medical Ethics Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Fateme Moghaddas Medical Ethics Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nastaran Maghbouli Medical Ethics Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Kamran Shirbache MD Student, Medical Ethics Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Fariba Asghari Associate Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Navid Abolfath- Zadeh Resident of Ophthalmology, Eye Research Center, Ras