Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 16 0 2023 07 18 1280 1280 Vahid Moazzen Visiting Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Law Faculty, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki Associate Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;Associate Professor, Medical Ethics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Lecturer, Monash Bioethics Center, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. 2022 12 01 2023 07 18 The concept of individual freedom has complex and multifaceted dimensions that significantly affect the limits of permissible government interventions aimed at restricting such freedoms and maintaining public health. Therefore, the boundary between individual freedom and the social obligations of the government must be carefully clarified.  During the Covid-19 pandemic, the need for such clarifications clearly increased. This study intended to investigate the concept of freedom according to major theories and to observe their application in analyzing the relations between individuals and the government in the health system, particularly during public health emergencies.The findings revealed that “justice-based”, “development-based” and “accountability-based” conceptions of freedom provide a more appropriate rationale for implementation of public health restrictive measures by health authorities during infectious disease outbreaks including pandemics such as COVID-19. Even in minimal governments that are built upon a free-market system and unrestricted conception of individuals’ freedom, such public health interventions are justifiable in the light of the ‘Catastrophic Moral Horror’ where there is an extreme risk to the health of citizens. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1280 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1280/413