Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2008-0387 14 0 2021 12 10 1119 1119 EN Cao Huanhuan Editor, Chinese Medical Ethics Magazine, Xi'an Shaanxi, China. Ming Li Senior Research Fellow, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Mingxu Wang Chair Professor, Division of Biomedical Ethics, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China. David Roder Beat Cancer Research Chair and Professor, Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Ian Olver Professorial Research Fellow, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. 2021 09 16 2022 01 01 In this paper, the evolution of the ethics committees for health research, their history, membership, and function in China and Australia is described. Investigators in each country compared the history and governance of their ethical systems based on the published evidence rather than personal opinions. Similarly, examples of challenges were selected from the literature. In both countries, the aim was to maximize the social benefits of research and minimize the risk imposed on the participants. Common challenges include maintaining independence, funding and delivering timely ethical reviews of the research projects. These challenges can be difficult where research ethics committees rely on voluntary contributions and lack a strong resource base. They must adapt to the increasingly rapid pace of research as well as the technological sophistication.  Population health research can challenge the conventional views of consent and privacy. The principles of the sound ethical review are common in both countries; governance arrangements and operational procedures, however, can differ, reflecting the cultural values and norms of their host countries and in respect of legal environments. By studying the evolution and function of ethics committees in the two countries, we established the differences in the governance and health systems, while similar ethical objectives helped sustain collaborative research. https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/view/1119 https://jmehm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmehm/article/download/1119/387