Original Article

Identifying the dimensions of patient privacy in intensive care units: a qualitative content analysis study

Abstract

In intensive care units (ICUs), patient privacy is of particular importance due to the structure of the ward environment and the critical situation of the patients. The aim of this study was to identify the dimensions of patient privacy in ICUs. For this purpose, a descriptive-qualitative-exploratory study was performed. The data collection methods included observations and interviews, which were handwritten and analyzed using qualitative content analysis with a conventional approach. A total of 27 participants were selected based on purposeful sampling and with maximum diversity of health-care providers and recipients. The study environment was the ICUs of two selected hospitals affiliated to the medical sciences universities of Isfahan and Tehran, Iran. The data were analyzed into 4 classes and 12 subclasses. The classes included physical, informational, psychosocial, and spiritual-religious privacy. Findings of the present study identified hidden layers of patient privacy as a multidimensional concept that is influenced by various factors. In order to provide holistic care, preparing the grounds for patient privacy ‎and familiarizing the staff with its various dimensions seem necessary.

Altman I. The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding. USA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company; 1975.

Serenko N, Fan L. Patients’ perceptions of privacy and their outcomes in healthcare. International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research. 2013; 4(2):101-22.

Leino-Kilpi H, Valimaki M, Dassen T, et al. Privacy: a review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2001; 38(6): 663-71.

Leino-Kilpi H, Valimaki M, Dassen T, et al. Perceptions of autonomy, privacy and informed consent in the care of elderly people in five European countries: comparison and implications for the future. Nurs Ethics. 2003; 10(1): 58-66.

Leenen HJJ. Patients' rights. World Health. 1996; 49(5): 4-5.

Zahedi F, Sanjari M, Aala M, et al. The code of ethics for nurses. Iran J Public Health. 2013; 42(Supple1):1-8.

Parsapoor A, Bagheri A, Larijani B. Patient's rights charter in Iran. Acta Med Iran. 2014; 52(1): 24-8.

Moore M, Chaudhary R. Patients’ attitudes towards privacy in a Nepalese public hospital: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Research Notes. 2013; 6(1): 1-5.

Adib-Hajbaghery M, Zehtabchi S. Evaluation of elderly patients’ privacy and their satisfaction level of privacy in selected hospital in Esfahan. Medical Ethics. 2014; 8(29):97-120.

Erdil F, Korkmaz F. Ethical problems observed by student nurses. Nurs Ethics. 2009; 16(5): 589-98.

Nayeri ND, Aghajani M. Patients’ privacy and satisfaction in the emergency department: a descriptive analytical study. Nurs Ethics. 2010; 17(2): 167-77.

Kim K, Han Y, Kim JS. Nurses’ and patients’ perceptions of privacy protection behaviours and information provision. Nurs Ethics. 2017; 24(5): 598-611.

Akyuz E, Erdemir F. Surgical patients’ and nurses’ opinions and expectations about privacy in care. Nurs Ethics. 2013; 20(6): 660-71.

Yazdanparast E, Davoudi M, Ghorbani SH, Abbaspoor M. The observance of different aspects of patient privacy: Analysis of elderly views. Medical Ethics Journal. 2016; 10(36): 73-80

Heidari MR, Anooshe M, Azadarmaki T, Mohammadi E. The process of patient's privacy: a grounded theory. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 19(5): 644-54.

Moskop JC, Marco CA, Larkin GL, Geiderman JM, Derse AR. From Hippocrates to HIPAA: privacy and confidentiality in emergency medicine—part I: conceptual, moral, and legal foundations. Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 45(1): 53-9.

Alimohammadi N, Ziaeirad M, Irajpour A, Aminmansour B. Clinical care needs of patients with severe traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit. Trauma Monthly. 2018; 23(2): e57883.

Latour JM, Albarran JW. Privacy, dignity and confidentiality: a time to reflect on practice. Nurs Crit Care. 2012; 17(3): 109-11.

Fernandes MID, Moreira IMPB. Ethical issues experienced by intensive care unit nurses in everyday practice. Nurs Ethics. 2013; 20(1): 72-82.

Baillie L. Patient dignity in an acute hospital setting: a case study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009; 46(1): 23-37.

Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative Research in Nursing: Advancing the Humanistic Imperative, 5th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.

Swan M. Emerging patient-driven health care models: an examination of health social networks, consumer personalized medicine and quantified self-tracking. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009; 6(2): 492-525.

Friedman LA. Patient experience of privacy while participating in group healthcare: a phenomenographic description; 2015. [cited October 2022]; Available from: https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir%3A104883/datastream/PDF/view

WHO. WHO handbook for guideline development, 2nd ed; 2014. [cited October 2022]; Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/145714

Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice, 10th ed. USA: ‎ LWW; 2016.

Hasan Tehrani T, Seyed Bagher Maddah S, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Ebadi A, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F, Gillespie M. Respecting the privacy of hospitalized patients: an integrative review. Nurs Ethics. 2018: 969733018759832.

Ozturk H, Bahçecik N, Ozçelik KS. The development of the patient privacy scale in nursing. Nurs Ethics. 2014; 21(7): 812-28.

Inoue M, Chapman R, Wynaden D. Male nurses’ experiences of providing intimate care for women clients. J Adv Nurs. 2006; 55(5): 559-67.

Ansari B. Protection of privacy in Islam, and Iran’s legal system (comparative study). Private Law Studies. 2005; 66:1-54.

Fernandez-Aleman JL, Senor IC, Lozoya PAO, Toval A. Security and privacy in electronic health records: a systematic literature review. J Biomed Inform. 2013; 46(3): 541-62.

Tayebi Z, Dehghan Nayeri N, Borimnejad L. Dominant strategies of patient visiting in selected intensive care units in Iran. Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2017;18(1): e40689.

Shen N, Sequeira L, Silver MP, Carter-Langford A, Strauss J, Wiljer D. Patient privacy perspectives on health information exchange in a mental health context: qualitative study. JMIR Ment Health. 2019; 6(11): e13306.

Whitehead J, Wheeler H. Patients’ experience of privacy and dignity. Part 2: an empirical study. Br J Nurs. 2008; 17(7): 458-64.

Ak Bedriye, Tanrıkulu F, Gundogdu H, et al. Cultural viewpoints of nursing students on patient privacy: a qualitative study. J Relig Health. 2021; 60(1): 188-201.

Moghimian M, Irajpour A, Arzani H. The inter-professional dimensions of spiritual care for chronically ill patients: a qualitative study. Nursing and Midwifery Studies. 2019; 8: 34-9.

Timmins F, Parissopoulos S, Plakas S, Naughton MT, de Vries JM, Fouka G. Privacy at end of life in ICU: a review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2018; 27(11-12): 2274-84.

Selby D, Seccaraccia D, Huth J, Kurppa K, Fitch M. Patient versus health care provider perspectives on spirituality and spiritual care: the potential to miss the moment. Ann Palliat Med. 2017; 6(2): 143-52.

Araghian Mojarad F, Sanago A, Joibari L. Explanation of the viewpoints and experiences of nurses in intensive care units regarding religious-spiritual care. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences. 2020; 4(4): 426-37.

Files
IssueVol 15 (2022) QRcode
SectionOriginal Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v15i6.11048
Keywords
Patient rights Privacy Intensive Care Units Iran

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Tajdari S, Irajpour A, Shahriari M, Saghaei M. Identifying the dimensions of patient privacy in intensive care units: a qualitative content analysis study. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2022;15.